Title : "The algebra of essential relations on a finite set" Abstract : In this joint work with Jacques Thévenaz, we study the structure of the algebra E(X) of essential relations on a finite set X: this algebra (which doesn't seem to have been considered so far) is the quotient of the algebra of the monoid of all relations on X by the submodule generated by relations which factor through a (strictly) smaller set. In particular, we determine all the simple E(X)-modules.